The Effects Of Bullying On The Workplace - 925 Words

Pressure / unwitting bullying – working to unlikely time scales as well as providing minimal supplies to finish the given task. Corporate bullying – a business manhandle with an exemption, knowing the law is feeble and work business sector is delicate. Organizational bullying – a blend of force and harassing happens when an association battles to accustom to evolving markets, decreased salary, a decrease in financial plans, forced desires, and other acute compulsions. Institutional bullying – settled in and is acknowledged as a component of the associations society, where representatives don t challenge the progressive system. Indirect harassing is a type of bullying which is difficult to discern as it is frequently done behind the delegate and is planned to hurt their reputation or cause humiliation, i.e. spreading gossipy goodies, asking others to socially preclude them, playing ghastly jokes, lying, teasing, insulting, imitating and verbally mishandling. Bullying effects on victims and other employees in an organization Harassing is most successive in work environments with negative and unpleasant workplace (a). Furthermore, focuses of harassing frequently need social backing from collaborators and chiefs (b), and it has been shown that apparent low social backing is identified with misery and burnout, for an occasion, in the connection amongst directors and subordinates (c). This is sad that the supporting environment is by all accounts ready to shield the workers fromShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Workplace Bullying On Workplace Essay907 Words   |  4 PagesThere are many reasons workplace bullying is costly and preventable. Workplace bullying can occur among all people and different venues. In school and business, practicing bullying it is unlikely to conducive positive performance and it is costly and preventable. The key is creating a positive work environment where bullying is not rewarded. Senior management and executives should take control of stopping workplace bullying and realizing it i s possible for employee and employer to work together toRead MoreBullying And Its Effects On The Workplace2515 Words   |  11 PagesBullying is becoming more and more prevalent in today’s society. It is most commonly thought to be found in schools or online, but it is becoming increasing popular in the workplace. Organizations must establish anti-bullying policies to stop this detrimental behavior. Targets of workplace bullying often suffer from a multitude of health problems such as depression and anxiety. In this paper, we will examine the reasons why bullying has become so common in the workplace, the damaging effectsRead MoreThe Effects Of Bullying On The Workplace1793 Words   |  8 Pagespresents. These bullying strategies may include pressuring others for answers on assignments to attain higher grades, which leads toward better college opportunities, or spreading social rumors about fellow students. (Donegan, Page 3) These tactics are dangerous because once a student realizes their usefulness, he or she may construct a life style from them. Developing a usual use of bullying habits can lead to negatively affecting a countless number of people as well as corruption in workplace. Read MoreThe Psychological and Physical Effects of Bullying in the Workplace2094 Words   |  9 Pages Workplace Bullying This case study will focus on the psychological and physical effects of being bullied in the workplace both in person and through social media outlets. Until recently, I feel like workplace bullying has been seen as playful teasing. But people are now realizing that bullying is bullying and it is unacceptable regardless of one’s age or occupational position. This bullying ruins people’s lives and tears their confidence down. People are driven to quit their jobs or even go asRead MoreThe Effects of Ethical Climates on Bullying Behaviour in the Workplace13824 Words   |  56 PagesSpringer 2008 The Effects of Ethical Climates on Bullying Behaviour in the Workplace  ¨ Fusun Bulutlar  ¨  ¨ Ela Unler Oz ABSTRACT. Various aspects of the relationship between ethical climate types and organizational commitment have been examined, although a relationship with the concept of bullying, which may be very detrimental to an organization, has not attracted significant attention. This study contributes to the existing research by taking the effects of bullying behaviour into considerationRead MoreThe Effects Of Workplace Bullying On The Organization And Answer The Following Questions Essay1315 Words   |  6 Pageshurtful behavior. Almost everyone has succumbed to bullying in life, whether it was in the role as an innocent target, horrible aggressor, or tacit bystander. Thus, recently social media seems to express utter disdain with bullies terrifying innocuous classmates in schools, but many organizations overlook workplace bullying and underestimate its power since it is not a punishable offense. Consequently, almost 14 million American adults succumb to bullying daily, and millions more ex perience the mortifyingRead MoreWorkplace Bullying And Its Effects On Professional Status, Personal Standing, Isolation, Overwork, And Destabilization1084 Words   |  5 Pages Workplace Bullying David Kryger Bus 600 Management James Zeigler April 23, 2015 â€Æ' Abstract Workplace bullying is type of pervasive practice that an employee experiences from individuals who seeks out supremacy. Bullying can involve verbal, nonverbal, physical abuse and humiliation. This abuse can affect businesses with inefficient way of working that is both costly and preventable (Wiedmar, 2011, p. 35). There are many types of workplace bullying: threats to professional status, personalRead MoreBullying And Bullying Among Youth1429 Words   |  6 PagesBullying has been around for many years, yet it was only in 2014 that an official federal definition of bullying was released for research purposes. The Department of Education and Centers for Disease Control released this definition when they researched and surveilled bullying among youth (Gladden, Vivolo-Kantor, Hamburger, Lumpkin, 2014). Although many people associate bullying with childhood settings, it is actually something that can be carried on throughout adulthood, especially in the workplaceRead MoreBullying I s The Lack Of Consensus Among Employers939 Words   |  4 Pagesthe greatest challenges to understanding and overcoming the phenomenon of workplace bullying is the lack of consensus among employers, researchers, and legislators as to what defines workplace bullying. Definitions of the phenomena overlap with some definitions being described as too broad or too narrow. Some complain that definitions are not precise enough or lack the span necessary to include all forms of workplace bullying. One reason there are so many definitions is because there are many componentsRead MoreThe Effects Of Workplace On Health And Wellbeing Of Their Employees1508 Words   |  7 PagesNowadays, workplace bulling is prevalent in all organisations across all industries, and it is of utmost importance for organisations to protect the health and wellbeing of their employees. Workplace bullying includes verbal, physical, psychological or social abuse by an employer or colleague at work. Rousseau et al (2015, p.287) define workplace bullying as ‘repeated occurrences of negative acts over a sustained duration’ in which victims are unable to defend themselves. Furthermore, Randall (cited

The Effects Of Media On Children s Behavior - 2434 Words

Definition What is media? Defined by Oxford Dictionaries, the media is â€Å"The main means of mass communication (television, radio, and newspapers) regarded collectively† (Oxford University Press, 2014, pp. 1). The media can have a vast array of influences on children whether they are positive or negative. Research shows that despite the positive influences it also raises negative implication ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬s on children’s behaviour, habits and ways of thinking through themes such as violence and aggression, sex, substance use, eating disorders, developmental concerns and school performance. Although the media may not be the leading cause to these problems, research has proven that it is a significant factor (Strasburger, Jordan Donnerstein, 2010). Justification for the selection of this issue According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics (2011) an estimated 2.2 million children, in 2009, were reported using the internet and the percentage of children using the internet increased with age, 60% of 5-8 year olds which increases to 96% of 12-14 year olds. In 2009, coming in first, the internet was used by 85% of children for educational activities and then 69% of children used the internet for online games. 48% of 12-14 year old children visited or used social networking sites, and decreasing with age, with 11% of children aged 9-11 and 3% of children aged 5-8 using social networking sites. Source: ABS, Children’s participation in Cultural and Leisure activities, Australia,Show MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Media Violence On People1388 Words   |  6 PagesThe Effect of Media Violence on People Media violence impacts the physical aggression of human beings. It is one of the many potential factors that influence the risk for violence and aggression. Research has proven that aggression in children will cause the likelihood of aggression in their adulthood. Theories have evolved that the violence present in the media most likely teaches the viewer to be more violent. It is a risky behavior that is established from the childhood. Furthermore, media violenceRead MoreEffects of Media on Children Essay1278 Words   |  6 Pagesthe radio? The answer for most would be: not much. The media has carefully made its way into our everyday lives, and even made its use almost necessary. It is safe to say than an average person is exposed to the media several times a day. However, how many times have you actually paused and thought about its effects on us? Most would say: rarely, or close to never. More than that, have you thought about its effects on our children? How is media today affect ing little Suzy, or baby Johnny? LivingRead MoreWhy Do Some People Pay Attention?1346 Words   |  6 Pagessome people pay attention to certain models and not others? Why do people imitate the same behavior differently? These are the questions Bandura (1977) attempted to answer in identifying some of the variables that influence the modeling process. Characteristics of the model, for example, determine to some extent whether or not they will be imitated. Models who are more similar to the person observing the behavior are more likely to be imitated, thus girls tend to imitate others of their same gender,Read MoreLiterature Review On Media Violence1461 Words   |  6 PagesLiterature Review. E. Langslow Trends across research suggest exposure to media violence positively correlates with subsequent violent behaviour In this era of internet connectivity, access to an array of violent media stimuli is readily available. Scientific exploration of the effects of such exposure on real world violent behaviour carries potential ramifications for the safety of global communities. Media violence is understood here as stimuli that includes depictions of violenceRead MoreThe Effects Of Television Violence On Our Society1566 Words   |  7 Pagesforms of the media. This research will be on violence in the media and does it affect our society. How we view television, has changed the world, no doubt in that. Turn your television set on and pick a channel at random; the odds are that half of the programs you come across will contain violent material. The statistics are overwhelming as I look on the internet, read articles, and look at the research. One of the things that most interests me in the violence on television, is the effects it has onRead MoreViolent Media And The Aggressive Generation1116 Words    |  5 PagesMatthew Taylor Ms. Cowburn AP Language 12 June 2017 Violent Media and The Aggressive Generation It Has Established The creation of visual and active forms of media has caused debate and discussion over the effects it has on the brain. The effects of media on the brain are of concern regarding children specifically, as their minds are still developing. Questions of the severity and impact have intrigued parents, scientists, and lawmakers. The first committee on this issue, the Surgeon GeneralsRead MoreMass Media Is An Integral Part Of Everyday Life989 Words   |  4 PagesMass media is an integral part of everyday life. Society depends on the various forms of media for information, education, and personal entertainment. Mass media positively and negatively influences beliefs, values, and expands knowledge to bring awareness to various social events. Media also impacts the way children and adolescences understanding of violence, racism, suicide, aggression, and sexual stereotyping. If viewing these portrayals is accepted, then mass media does in fact negativelyRead MoreMedia Violenca and Its E ffects1668 Words   |  7 PagesMedia Violence It’s Effects The lives of our youth are being ruined because of the violence in today’s media. This is the view held by many people in our society today. Many psychologists believe that violence on television, movies and other forms of media have a negative effect on children, while others believe media violence has no effect on children. The reality is that children tend to emulate the behavior that they see in the media they are exposed too. The media can have a powerful influenceRead MoreThe Effects Of Violent Media On Aggressive Behavior1590 Words   |  7 Pagesviolent media and aggressive behaviors in individuals. This paper represents an effort to provide a source for individuals who are interested to gain information on the effect of violent media on aggressive behaviors. Most of the peer-reviewed and scholary articles used in this paper provided conclusions that violent media have multiply harmful affects on individuals especially children. Krahà © and Mà ¶ller (2011) discus sed the relationship between usage of violent media and aggressive behaviors in adolescentsRead MoreThe Effects Of Television Violence On Children915 Words   |  4 Pagesviewers. The more violence equals more views which equals more demand. According to Hamilton (2002), â€Å"Children are not the target of advertisers on most violent programs. But their exposure to violent images can lead to social damages not factored into decisions about when to air programs and where to draw the line on content† (p. 18). The controversial debate that television violence influence children is nothing new. For more than thirty years this topic has presented itself with more than a thousand

The Politics of Homelessness Essay Example For Students

The Politics of Homelessness Essay The problems of the homeless are real, but as with anything, the details of reality depend on the agenda of the person telling the story. Unfortunately, in the case of this issue, it is the homeless who suffer while the political armies fight for preeminence. In fact, The Politics of Homelessness Essay has become a multibillion dollar business that is more concerned with protecting its own existence than it is in actually helping its constituents. Throwing money at the problem without a goal to solve it only perpetuates it. There are two major factions in the debate about homelessness. To the extreme left, and most prominent in the media, is the position that says we should not blame the homeless for their condition. After all, they are just like regular people except they dont have a home. Their message appeals to some peoples feelings of guilt for having received more than they deserve. To do this, they must make people feel vulnerable. They must get people to think that the same thing could happen to them if they do not show pity for those less fortunate. (Not exactly the proper motivation, but it will do if they get the required results. ) Once we buy into this image of the homeless, the solution should be easy for us to see: simply build more shelters and public housing. To the extreme right are those that say the homeless have only themselves to blame. Their position is that regardless of why people become homeless, they have the power to rise above it and rejoin society. To them,! we should offer assistance only to those who deserve it, and then, only temporarily. Of course, this solution has the problem of determining who is deserving and who is not. Through skillful and clever use of the media, the homeless advocates can be credited with bringing the homeless issue into the American home. Of no small importance in their success was simply introducing the term homeless. This word replaced such words used in the past such as hobo, tramp, bum, drunk, vagrant, pauper, indigent, panhandler, and transient and made their use politically incorrect. The objective was to promote the concept that the homeless were just like the rest of us except they didnt have a home. The visions painted by the activists played on the conscience of middle America. People who had done nothing to bring about the condition of the homeless were made to feel that, some how, they had prevented others from having food and a warm place to sleep at night. Furthermore, if the only difference between them and the homeless was some random turn of luck, the natural conclusion was that the same thing could happen to them. Popular religious doctrine imp! lies that one can deserve divine favoritism by helping the less fortunate. Add to this the feeling of guilt, and activists managed to extort large sums of money from all levels of government and virtually all sources of charity. They have built empires under the flag of helping the homeless. While building shelters and public housing is needed to answer short term, emergency needs, it also encourages dependence on them. Without addressing the causes of homelessness we only train these people to depend on the public largesse for their living. A majority of the homeless already suffer from mental illness, drug addiction, and alcohol addiction. Addicting them to public shelter just adds one more addiction to the list. On September 30, 1980, activists Mitch Snyder and Mary Ellen Hombs testified before Congress. In their testimony, they displayed what they said were the cremated remains of John Doe; the first homeless person to freeze to death during the previous winter (Hombs 129-31). Their theatrics used Congressional as if it were a stage, and their performance was so skillfully choreographed that the media began following them like paparazzi following Madonna leaving a cheap motel. Through the use of such tactics as fasting, illegal occupations of buildings, pray-ins, eat-ins, cage-ins, jump-ins, etc.(Rader 5), Snyder eventually won control of a huge building where he announced he would create Americas largest homeless shelter. .u1d04ea40381674abea9f7d8c02e40130 , .u1d04ea40381674abea9f7d8c02e40130 .postImageUrl , .u1d04ea40381674abea9f7d8c02e40130 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1d04ea40381674abea9f7d8c02e40130 , .u1d04ea40381674abea9f7d8c02e40130:hover , .u1d04ea40381674abea9f7d8c02e40130:visited , .u1d04ea40381674abea9f7d8c02e40130:active { border:0!important; } .u1d04ea40381674abea9f7d8c02e40130 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1d04ea40381674abea9f7d8c02e40130 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1d04ea40381674abea9f7d8c02e40130:active , .u1d04ea40381674abea9f7d8c02e40130:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1d04ea40381674abea9f7d8c02e40130 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1d04ea40381674abea9f7d8c02e40130 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1d04ea40381674abea9f7d8c02e40130 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1d04ea40381674abea9f7d8c02e40130 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1d04ea40381674abea9f7d8c02e40130:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1d04ea40381674abea9f7d8c02e40130 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1d04ea40381674abea9f7d8c02e40130 .u1d04ea40381674abea9f7d8c02e40130-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1d04ea40381674abea9f7d8c02e40130:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Moby Dick By Herman Melville Essay He proclaimed that, People shouldnt have to do anything to get shelter. (Hombs 60) .

Problem Solving How do we Combat Child Abuse Essay Example For Students

Problem Solving How do we Combat Child Abuse Essay Imagine being a young child. Picture that someone is mistreating you, and you are completely unable to retaliate in any way. Imagine what would be running through your mind, all of the fear and hatred that you can do nothing with except hold it all inside. The United States government defines child abuse specifically as any recent act or failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker which results in death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse or exploitation to any individual who has not attained the age of 18 years, or an act or failure to act which presents an imminent risk of serious harm to any individual who has not attained the age of 18 years (Petit 28). This is a serious problem that destroys the lives of innocent Statistics show that 903,395 children were confirmed as being abused in the United States during 1997 alone, and there were 1,439,284 reported instances of abuse in the United States (Statistics of. ..). Those numbers add out to be in the neighborhood of 1.54% of the nations children being abused daily (Statistics of.. .). Child abuse also accounts for nearly 57.5% of fatalities to children under the age of five (Child Maltreatment). Experts also say that 87.1% of abused children are abused by both the mother and father (Statistics of. ..). Roughly 2.7% of child abuse occurs in foster care (Statistics of.. .). The most abundant form of child abuse is neglect. Neglect accounts for 53.5% of child abuse nationwide (Child Maltreatment). Neglect is defined as: a child less than 18 years of age whose physical, mental or emotional condition has been impaired or is in danger of becoming impaired as a result of the failure of the childs legal guardian to exercise a minimum degree of care in supplying the child with adequate food, clothing, shelter, or education or medical care. Neglect also occurs when the legal guardian fails to provide the child with proper supervision or guardianship by allowing the child to be harmed, or to be at risk of harm which includes when the guardian misuses drugs or alcohol him/herself. (Neglected Child) Children who fall victim to neglect feel that their parents have no time for them. The psychological aspects of this type of abuse is that the child or children affected typically try to get attention at school or somewhere away from home, are abnormally aggressive, and become somewhat maniacal when left alone for long periods of time (Understanding Child). The second type of child abuse is physical abuse, which is responsible for 22.7% of total abuse cases that were confirmed. Physical Abuse is characterized by the infliction of physical injury as a result of punching, beating, kicking, biting, burning, shaking or otherwise harming a child. The parent or caretaker may not have intended to hurt the child, rather the injury may have resulted from over-discipline or physical punishment (Child Maltreatment). The most common way to indicate a physically abused child is notable marks on the body, such as bruises, cuts, and knots. The main behavioral indication of physical abuse is the child is far too aggressive when they are not around his or her parents. They also tend to pick on others, but get extremely angry when someone else picks on them (Understanding Sexual abuse is the third type of child abuse, which accounts for 11.5% of all confirmed abuse cases. Sexual abuse includes fondling a childs genitals, intercourse, incest, rape, sodomy, exhibitionism, and commercial exploitation through prostitution or the production of pornographic materials. Many experts believe that sexual abuse is the most under-reported form of child maltreatment because of the secrecy that so often characterizes these cases (Child Maltreatment). Sexually abused children are extremely frightened at the sight of the abuser, and are extremely timid when confronted with a chance to develop a close relationship. Victims are given low self-esteem, and will often think they are worthless. .udc448e9d6464aa3548c09921b0e22bff , .udc448e9d6464aa3548c09921b0e22bff .postImageUrl , .udc448e9d6464aa3548c09921b0e22bff .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udc448e9d6464aa3548c09921b0e22bff , .udc448e9d6464aa3548c09921b0e22bff:hover , .udc448e9d6464aa3548c09921b0e22bff:visited , .udc448e9d6464aa3548c09921b0e22bff:active { border:0!important; } .udc448e9d6464aa3548c09921b0e22bff .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udc448e9d6464aa3548c09921b0e22bff { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udc448e9d6464aa3548c09921b0e22bff:active , .udc448e9d6464aa3548c09921b0e22bff:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udc448e9d6464aa3548c09921b0e22bff .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udc448e9d6464aa3548c09921b0e22bff .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udc448e9d6464aa3548c09921b0e22bff .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udc448e9d6464aa3548c09921b0e22bff .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udc448e9d6464aa3548c09921b0e22bff:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udc448e9d6464aa3548c09921b0e22bff .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udc448e9d6464aa3548c09921b0e22bff .udc448e9d6464aa3548c09921b0e22bff-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udc448e9d6464aa3548c09921b0e22bff:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: 12 Angry Men: Influence of Surroundings Essay Common indicators of sexually abused children include individualism, increased shyness, and greater dependence on a non-abusive person present in their The final type of child abuse is emotional abuse. This abuse is responsible for about 6.2% of all abuse cases. Emotional abuse includes acts or omissions by the parents or other caregivers that have caused, or could cause, serious behavioral, cognitive, emotional, or mental disorders. For example, the parents/caregivers may use extreme or bizarre forms of punishment, such as confinement of a child in a dark closet. (Child Maltreatment) Less severe acts, such .

Behavioural learning theory Essays

Behavioural learning theory Essays Behavioural learning theory Essay Behavioural learning theory Essay Behavioural learning theories consist of two main forms of learning, classical conditioning and instrumental conditioning. I will briefly be looking at both types of learning and then talk about phobias and the exposure techniques used to eliminate them. Ivan Petrovich Pavlov demonstrated classical conditioning in his experiments with dogs. Pavlov rung a bell every time he gave the dogs food and the sight of the food would make them salivate. Eventually the dogs associated the bell ringing with food, so that the bell alone would make them salivate. He explained that there are two types of reflexes, conditioned and unconditioned. Unconditioned reflexes are those that are innate whereas conditioned reflexes were acquired through conditioning. Unconditioned reflexes are based on a connection between unconditioned stimulus (US) and unconditioned response (UR). In Pavlovs experiments, the unconditioned stimulus was the dogs sight of food and the unconditioned response was the dogs salivating. Similarly, condition reflexes are based on a connection between conditioned stimulus (CS) and conditioned response (CR). In the experiments, the conditioned stimulus was the sound of a bell ringing while the conditioned response was salivation (Gleitman, 1995). Therefore classical conditioning is concerned with the learning of the relationship between the conditioned stimuli and the unconditioned stimuli. Pavlov also showed that the more often the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus are paired together, the more the strength of the conditioned response increases. The pairing reinforces the connection and such trials are called reinforced trials. Likewise, if the unconditioned stimulus is presented without the conditioned stimulus then the conditioned response gradually weakens. This is known an unreinforced trial. This will eventually lead to extinction whereby the conditioned reaction is undone and therefore the conditioned response disappears (Gleitman, 1995). However, the conditioned response can be resurrected through reconditioning. This typically needs fewer reinforced trials to bring the conditioned response to its previous strength because there is a spontaneous recovery (i. e. he conditioned response was masked rather than abolished during extinction). Conditioned responses can be suppressed through fear, which is known as response suppression. This may be one cause of why phobias develop. For example, someone who gets bitten by a snake may develop a very intense fear (or phobia) of snakes. Instrumental conditioning (also known as operant conditioning) is a form of learning whereby a reinforcer (reward) is only given once the correct instrumental response has been performed. Edward L. Thorndike proposed a theory known as the Law of Effect. In this he explained that responses that are followed by a reward (positive reinforcement) are strengthened and responses that are followed by no reward or punishment (negative reinforcement) are weakened. This is supported by the theory of evolution. Those that choose the best responses will have a better chance of survival (Gleitman, 1995). Phobias are a type of anxiety disorder which are characterised by an intense and irrational fear of an object or situation. The sufferer is usually aware of this irrationality, but continues to be afraid. Phobic people are always preoccupied with their phobia and avoiding the particular objects or situations that frighten them. Avoiding those particular objects or situations does not always help minimise the problem. This is because most of the time, the phobia tends to extend to other similar stimulus. For example, a person who fears leopards may also fear cats, spotted objects or even parts of the city where the zoo is located (Gleitman, 1995). One mechanism which explains why phobias develop is that chance association of ideas lead to fears. For example, a child that is told that goblins come by at night may develop a fear of the dark (Locke, 1690 in Gleitman, 1995). Many modern theorists explain that phobias derive from classical conditioning, where the feared object is the conditioned stimulus. An example would be a fear of snakes after a snake bite (Wolpe, 1958 in Gleitman, 1995). This theory also explains why phobias tend to expand. If a person who is conditioned to fear a particular stimulus encounters the stimulus in a different context, then that person will be conditioned to fear the new stimuli. There are two main types of phobias, specific and social. Social phobias are a fear of embarrassment or humiliation. Examples of sufferers avoiding situations include public speaking in case they falter or eating in restaurants in case they choke on their food. These sufferers may turn to alcohol or drugs in order to give themselves more confidence. Specific phobias, on the other hand, are a fear of particular objects or events. The classical conditioning explanation doesnt explain why patients tend to be afraid of only a limited number of stimuli. Phobias of snakes, spiders and heights are particularly common whereas phobias of knives, cars and electrical equipment are rare. If classical conditioning was the cause of phobias, then fear of knives and fire would be much more common as most people have been hurt by them. An explanation for this may come from the Preparedness Theory of Phobias, which is based on evolution. The theory explains that our ancestors had a built-in predisposition to fear stimuli that were dangerous to them (like spiders and snakes). Natural selection, therefore, favoured those that were innately predisposed to learn to fear these stimuli very quickly (Seligman, 1971 in Gleitman, 1995). To support this theory, experiments have been carried out in which nonphobic subjects were shown pictures of various objects. The pictures were paired with electric shocks. It was found that the subjects more often feared the pictures of snakes and spiders than the pictures of flowers and mushrooms (i hman, Eriksson and Olofsson, 1975; i hman, Dimberg and i st, 1985 in Gleitman, 1995). However, these studies have been criticised because it is not known what prior fears the subjects had before they participated in the experiment. Some investigators have used laboratory-reared monkeys to get around this problem. Experiments showed that the monkeys who had never seen snakes before become much more easily frightened by toy snakes than by flowers. As monkeys are our simian cousins, humans come to fear some stimuli much more readily than others (Cook and Mineka, 1989 in Gleitman, 1995). Behavioural therapy is a technique used to treat mental disorders. Behavioural therapists use classical and instrumental conditioning to re-educate patients. The treatment does not look at the causes of the disorder but aims to modify the sufferers behaviour. The more specific methods used to treat phobias are known as exposure techniques, so called because the patient is exposed to the phobic stimulus as part of the therapeutic process. Exposure treatments involve extinction, in which the classically conditioned connection is removed. One technique is flooding whereby the person is immersed in the fear reflex until the fear itself fades away. A person who suffers from ophidiophobia (snake phobia) may be placed in a room full of harmless snakes until the fear is extinguished. Some phobic reactions are so strong that the flooding is done in the patients mind rather than in real life. This is known as implosion therapy. Some patients cannot handle flooding so an alternative technique that is used is systematic desensitisation (Wolpe, 1958 in Gleitman, 1995). This tries to remove any anxiety connected to various stimuli by a gradual process of counter-conditioning (Watson, 1924 in phobialist. com/treat. html) to a response incompatible with fear, usually muscular relaxation. The first stage of the therapy involves getting the patient relaxed through meditation and untensing exercises. The explanation for this is that relaxation is incompatible with feeling fearful or having anxiety and therefore the relaxation response counters the fear response. In the second stage, the patient constructs an anxiety hierarchy. Fear situations are arranged from least to most threatening. In the final step, known as desensitisation, the patient imagines each situation on the hierarchy while practising relaxation techniques, until all the situations have been dealt with successfully. Biofeedback instrumentation is often used to ensure that the patient is truly well-relaxed before going to the next higher situation in the anxiety hierarchy. Several indexes have been used in this approach including pulse rate, respiration rate and electro-dermal responses. An example of a hierarchy would be when treating snake phobias. First, the patient may imagine a ball of string and then imagine a worm and handling a worm. They will then progress to visualising a snake and finally handling a snake. When this is done and the patient is relaxed with this, the patient may then attempt to actually handle a snake in real life (Gleitman, 1995). Sometimes, this process is paired with modelling. In modelling, the patient observes others in the presence of the phobic stimulus. The models would be responding with relaxation rather than fear. This encourages the patient to imitate the models and thereby relieve their phobia. In conclusion, the behavioural learning theory uses conditioning to explain why people develop mental disorders. Therefore, behaviourists try to treat phobias by reconditioning a patient so that their conditioned response (phobic response) is changed or removed. The types of methods used to do this include flooding, implosion therapy and systematic desensitisation. There are different views as to why people develop phobias. One view is that people become conditioned to fear certain stimuli due to past experiences or hearing stories. However, this does not explain why people tend to be prone to certain kinds of phobias more than others. The biological view for phobias may give a better explanation in that due to evolution, humans have inherited fear of certain stimuli that were dangerous to our ancestors (e. g. snakes).

How to Begin a Sentence With And or But

How to Begin a Sentence With 'And' or 'But' According to a usage note in the fourth edition of The American Heritage Dictionary, But may be used to begin a sentence at all levels of style. And in The Kings English (1997), Kingsley Amis says that the idea that and must not begin a sentence, or even a paragraph, is an empty superstition. The same goes for but. Indeed either word can give unimprovably early warning of the sort of thing that is to follow.   The same point was made over a century ago by Harvard rhetorician Adams Sherman Hill: Objection is sometimes taken to employment of but or and at the beginning of a sentence; but for this, there is much good usage (The Principles of Rhetoric, 1896). In fact, it has been common practice to begin sentences with a conjunction since at least as far back as the 10th century. The Usage Myth Persists Still, the myth persists that and and but should be used only to join elements within a sentence, not to link one sentence to another. Here, for instance, is an edict found recently on an English professors Composition Cheat Sheet: Never begin a sentence with a conjunction of any kind, especially one of the FANBOYS (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so ). This same fussbudget, by the way, outlaws the splitting of infinitives  - another durable grammar myth. But at least the professor is in good company. Early in his career, William Shawn, longtime editor of The New Yorker magazine, had a penchant for converting sentence-initial buts into howevers. As Ben Yagoda reports in When You Catch an Adjective, Kill It (2007), Shawns habit inspired one of the magazines writers, St. Clair McKelway, to compose this impassioned defense of but: If you are trying for an effect which comes from having built up a small pile of pleasant possibilities which you then want to push over as quickly as possible, dashing the readers hopes that he is going to get out of a nasty situation as easily as you have intentionally led him to believe, you have got to use the word but and it is usually more effective if you begin the sentence with it. But love is tricky means one thing, and however, love is tricky means anotheror at least gives the reader a different sensation. However indicates a philosophical sigh; but presents an insuperable obstacle. . . .But, when used as I used it in these two places, is, as a matter of fact, a wonderful word. In three letters it says a little of however, and also be that as it may, and also heres something you werent expecting and a number of other phrases along that line. There is no substitute for it. It is short and ugly and common. But I love it. Know Your Audience Still, not everybody loves initial but. The authors of Keys for Writers (2014) note that some readers may raise an eyebrow when they see and or but starting a sentence in an academic paper, especially if it happens often. So if you dont want to see eyebrows raised, ration your use of these words at the beginnings of sentences.   But in any event, dont start scratching out your ands and  buts on my account.

Case 93,Electro Technology Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

93,Electro Technology - Case Study Example The present value of the cash flows could then be calculated. Benefits of using this method are that it takes into account the growth potential of the business. The assessment obtained is also based on timing and size of cash flows and risks involved. They directly relate to the debt servicing ability of the firm and hence the amount that should be lent by the bank. The shortcoming of using this method is that it is grounded on expectations on productivity, threats and market circumstances. The extreme hypothesis is that the workshop test could be altered to a mass plant engineering process. From the data offered, there is no material on how statistics on the balance sheet or the discount rate were arrived at or rules behind the figures. A liquidation value could be obtained from these assets and used in deciding the amount of the loan. This curtails the risk for the bank as very few assumptions are made. It also avoids the difficulty and risks in including a value for intangibles (Brigham and Daves, 2010). The drawback of using this method is that it disregards the growth potential of the firm. The key value of Electro-Technology Corporations is the potential of capitalisation of its patented rights. The tactic here involves adjusting the book values for market values for all assets and liabilities on the balance sheet. Intangible assets not included in the balance sheet are added onto the net market value to obtain the adjusted tangible book value (Brigham and Daves, 2010). This may give a fairer value of the companys worth. In addition, it includes intangibles such as patent, which is a significant component of Electro-Technology Corporation assets. The drawback of this process is that intangibles are hard to value. The value of the patent that Electro-Technology Corporation owns lies in its contribution to the firms growth potential. However, there is great subjectivity involved in valuing the patent. The adjusted tangible